Spinels are popular gemstones that rival sapphires and rubies in beauty. Ancient scholars saw them as stones of protection against evil, moods, and as enhancers of self-confidence or enlightenment. It is necessary to distinguish synthetic spinels from natural stones. Their prices range in the thousands and climb to dizzying amounts for unusual and large spinels of desired colors, or expected effects where the power of a talisman is expected by experience or faith. Al-Biruni devotes sufficient space to this topic. Spinels, like sapphires, stand out with magnificent brilliance, have sufficient hardness and an appropriate color range (pink, burgundy, fiery red, ruby ​​red, raspberry, orange, yellow, lilac, violet, padparadscha, blue and light blue colors) to meet all the demanding requirements for a gemstone. Spinels come from Tanzania and change color in daylight and night light due to the presence of rare elements.

Green zircon,sourced from different parts of Sri Lanka, stands as a testament to the unique geological bounty of the island. This gemstone is known for its remarkable rarity and the mesmerizing depth of its green hue, a color achieved through natural radioactive decay processes over millions of years.

Kashmir sapphires of deep blue color and Sri Lankan padparadscha stones are the top of the sapphire color scale and can reach dizzying amounts, which is used by many world investors. Other colors are yellow sapphires, valued mainly in India as stones of enlightenment, orange, pink, purple, violet, green and brown sapphires. Kashmir sapphires are mined in India , Madagascar, Sri lanka and Pakistan . The price for Kashmir sapphires is very high, it can approach a million crowns per carat .

Emerald, one of the most beautiful varieties of the mineral beryl, has fascinated mankind for millennia. Its intense green color, often considered a symbol of nature and eternity, makes it one of the most sought-after gemstones in the world.

Amethyst is considered a gemstone , and is a popular material for making various ornaments and jewelry . It is found mainly in the cavities of alkaline rocks ( geodes ). Amethyst has a wide range of purple shades, from light tones to dark, sometimes even purple.

Garnets are a set of closely related minerals that form a group, resulting in gemstones in almost every color. Red garnets have a long history, but modern gem buyers can pick from a rich palette of garnet colors: greens, oranges, pinkish oranges, deeply saturated purplish reds, and even some blues.

The ancient Egyptians mined peridot on the Red Sea island of Zabargad, the source for many large fine peridots in the world’s museums. The Egyptians called it the “gem of the sun.” Today this gem is still prized for its restful yellowish green hues and long history. Large strongly-colored, examples can be spectacular, and attractive smaller gems are available for jewelry at all price points.